Arnaiz-Villena (A.), Gomez-Casado (E.), Martinez- Laso (J.) 2002, Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by HLA allele distribution and his perspective, Tissue Antigens 60: 111-121.
Baali (A.), Cherkaoui (M.), Boëtsch (G.) 2003, Données biodémographiques sur les populations montagnardes du Haut-Atlas : état des recherches, in Permanence et changements dans les sociétés alpines, Éditions Edisud, Aix-en-Provence, p. 159-175.
Barbujani (G.), Pilastro (A.), De Domenico (S.), Renfrew (C.) 1994, Genetic variation in North Africa and Eurasia: Neolithic demic diffusion vs. Paleolithic colonisation, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 95: 137-154.
Blanc (M.), Ducos (J.) 1986, Les allotypes des systèmes Gm et Km dans les provinces françaises, in E. Ohayon, A. Cambon-Thomsen (éds), Génétique des Populations humaines, Éditions INSERM, vol. 142, Paris, p. 307-326.
Blanc (M.), Sanchez-Mazas (A.), Van Blyenburgh (N.H.), Sevin (A.), Pison (G.), Langaney (A.) 1990, Interethnic genetic differentiation: Gm polymorphism in eastern Senegal, American Journal of Human Genetics 46: 383-392.
Bosch (E.), Calafell (F.), Comas (D.), Oefner (P.), Underhill (P.A.), Bertranpetit (J.) 2001, High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 1019-1029.
Bosch (E.), Calafell (F.), Pérez-Lezaun (A.), Clarimon (J.), Comas (D.), Mateu (E.), Martinez-Arias (R.), Morera (B.), Brakez (Z.), Akhayat (O.), Sefiani (A.), Hariti (G.), Cambon-Thomsen (A.), Bertranpetit (J.) 2000a, Genetic structure of north-west Africa revealed by STR analysis, European Journal of Human Genetics 8: 360-366.
Bosch (E.), Calafell (F.), Pérez-Lezaun (A.), Comas (D.), Izaabel (H.), Akhayat (O.), Sefiana (A.), Hariti (G.), Dugoujon (J.M.), Bertranpetit (J.) 2000b, Y chromosome STR haplotypes in four populations from northwest Africa, International Journal of Legal Medecine 114: 36-40.
Bosch (E.), Calafell (F.), Pérez-Lezaun (A.), Comas (D.), Mateu (E.), Bertranpetit (J.) 1997, Population history of North Africa: evidence from classical genetic markers, Human Biology 69: 295-311.
Brakez (Z.), Bosch (E.), Izaabel (H.), Akhayat (O.), Comas (D.), Bertranpetit (J.), Calafell (F.) 2001, Human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Moroccan population of the Souss area, Annals of Human Biology 28: 295-307.
Brett (M.), Fentress (E.) 1997, The Berbers, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Calderon (R.), Vidales (C.), Pena (J.A.), Perez-Miranda (A.), Dugoujon (J.M.) 1998, Immunoglobulin (GM and KM) allotypes in Basques from Spain, An approach to the origin of the Basque population, Human Biology 70: 667-698.
Camps (G.) 1980, Les Berbères, Mémoire et identité, Éditions des Hespérides, Paris.
Chaabani H. 2002, Gm polymorphism and the evolutionary history of modern humans, Annals of Human Genetics 45: 197-206.
Chaabani (H.), Bech-Hansen (N.T.), Cox (D.W.) 1986, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with heavy chain gamma genes in Tunisia, Human Heredity 73: 110-113.
Chaabani (H.), Cox (D.W.) 1988, Genetic characterization and origin of Tunisian Berbers, Human Heredity 38: 308-316.
Chaabani (H.), Helal (A.N.), Van Loghem (E.), Langaney (A.), Benammar Elgaaied (A.), Rivat Peran (L.), Lefranc (G.) 1984, Genetic study of Tunisian Berbers, I. Gm, Am and Km immunoglobulin allotypes and ABO blood groups, Journal of Immunogenetics 11: 107-113.
Chaabani (H.), Sanchez-Mazas (A.), Sallami (S.F.) 2001, Genetic differenciation of Yemeni people according to rhesus and Gm polymorphisms, Annals of Human Genetics 43: 155-162.
Cherkaoui (M.) 2002, Étude bio-démographique d’une population humaine du Haut-Atlas Marocain (Vallée d’Anougal, Cercle d’Amizmiz, Wilaya de Marrakech), Thèse d’État, Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech.
Chikhi (L.), Nichols (R.A.), Barbujani (G.), Beaumont (M.A.) 2002, Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99:11008-11013.
Choukri (F.), Chakib (A.), Himmich (H.), Raissi (H.), Caillat-Zucman (S.) 2002, HLA class I polymorphism in a Moroccan population from Casablanca, European Journal of Immunogenetics 29: 205-211.
Coudray (C.) 2002, Étude des marqueurs allotypiques des immunoglobulines (systèmes Gm et Km) dans deux populations marocaines : Arabes et Berbères du Moyen-Atlas. Comparaisons avec d’autres populations du nord de l’Afrique, Mémoire de DEA d’Anthropologie sociale et historique de l’Europe méditerranéenne, option Anthropobiologie, Université Toulouse 2 (Le Mirail).
Crubézy (E.), Braga (J.), Larrouy (G.) 2002, Anthropobiologie, Masson, Abrégé, Paris, p. 91-107.
Cruciani (F.), Santolamazza (P.), Shen (P.), Macaulay (V.), Moral (P.), Olckers (A.), Modiano (D.), Holmes (S.), Destro-Bisol (G.), Coia (V.), Wallace (D.C.), Oefner (P.J.), Torroni (A.), Cavalli-Sforza (L.L.), Scozzari (R.), Underhill (P.A.) 2002, A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes, American Journal of Human Genetics 70: 1197-1214.
Dugoujon (J.M.), Hazout (S.), Loirat (F.), Mourrieras (B.), Crouau-Roy (B.), Sanchez-Mazas (A.) 2004, Gm haplotype diversity of 82 populations over the world, American Journal of Physical Antropology 125: 175-192.
Dutour (O.), Vernet (R.), Aumassip (G.) 1988, Le peuplement préhistorique du Sahara, in G. Aumassip et al. (éds), Milieux, hommes et techniques du Sahara préhistorique, Problèmes actuels, Éditions l’Harmattan, Paris, p. 39-52.
Edwards (A.W.F.) 1984, Likelihood, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Excoffier (L.), Harding (R.M.), Sokal (R.R.), Pellegrini (B.), Sanchez-Mazas (A.) 1991, Spatial differentiation of RH and GM haplotype frequencies in sub-Saharan Africa and its relation to linguistic affinities, Human Biology 63: 273-307.
Excoffier (L.), Pelligrini (B.), Sanchez-Mazas (A.), Simon (C.), Langaney (A.) 1987, Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8: 151-194.
Felsenstein (J.) 1985, Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap, Evolution 39: 783-791.
Felsenstein (J.) 1989, PHYLIP, Phylogeny Inference Package (version 3.2), Cladistics 5: 164-166.
Field (L.L.), Dugoujon (J.M.) 1989, Immunoglobulin allotyping (Gm and Km) of GAW5 families, Genetic Epidemiology 6: 31-34.
Flores (C.), Hernandez (M.), Gonzalez (A.M.), Cabrera (V.M.) 2000a, Genetic affinities among human populations inhabiting the sub-Saharan area, northwest Africa and the Iberian peninsula, in A. Arnaiz-Villena (ed.), Prehistoric Iberia, Genetics, Anthropology and Linguistics, Kluver Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, p. 33-49.
Flores (C.), Maca-Meyer (N.), González (A.M.), Cabrera (V.M.) 2000b, Northwest African distribution of the CD4/Alu microsatellite haplotypes, Annals of Human Genetics 64: 321-327.
Gómez-Casado (E.), Moral (P.), Martínez-Laso (J.), Garcia-Gomez (A.), Allende (L.), Silverado- Redondo (C.), Longas (J.), Gonzales-Hevilla (M.), Kandil (M.), Zamora (J.), Arnaiz-Villena (A.) 2000, HLA genes in Arabic-speaking Moroccans: close relatedness to Berbers and Iberians, Tissue Antigens 55: 239-249.
Gonzalez-Perez (E.), Via (M.), Esteban (E.), Lopez- Alomar (A.), Mazieres (S.), Harich (N.), Kandil (M.), Dugoujon (J.M.), Moral (P.) 2003, Alu insertions in the Iberian Peninsula and north west Africa-genetic boundaries or melting pot? Collegium Anthropologium 27: 491-500.
Greenberg (J.H.) 1966, The language of Africa, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Guilaine (J.) 1994, La mer partagée, La Méditerranée avant l’écriture, 7000-2000 av. J.-C., Hachette, Paris.
Hachid (M.) 2000, Les premiers Berbères, Entre Méditerranée, Tassili et Nil, Editions Ina-Yas et Edisud, Alger et Aix-en-Provence.
Harich (N.), Esteban (E.), Chafik (A.), Lopez-Alomar (A.), Vona (G.), Moral (P.) 2002, Classical polymorphisms in Berbers from Moyen Atlas (Morocco): genetics, geography and historical evidence in the Mediterranean peoples, Annals of Human Biology 29: 473-487.
Hayward (R.J.) 2000, Afroasiatic, in B. Heine, D. Nurse (eds), African Languages, An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 74-98.
Irish (J.D.) 2000, The Iberomaurusian enigma: north African progenitor or dead end? Jounal of Human Evolution 39: 393-410.
Khodjet El Khil (H.), Triki Marrakchi (R.), Yacoubi Loueslati (B.), Langaney (A.), Fellous (M.), Benammar Elgaaied (A.) 2001, Y chromosome microsatellite variation in three populations of Jerba Island (Tunisia), Annals of Human Genetics 65: 263-270.
Kivisild (T.), Reidla (M.), Metspalu (E.), Rosa (A), Brehm (A.), Pennarun (E.), Parik (J.), Geberhiwot (T.), Usanga (E.), Villems (R.) 2004, Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears, American Journal of Human Genetics 75: 752-770.
Krings (M.), Salem (A.), Bauer (K.), Geisert (H.), Malek (A.), Chaix (L.), Simon (C.), Welsby (D.), Di Rienzo (A.), Utermann (G.), Sajantila (A.), Pääbo (S.), Stoneking (M.) 1999, Mt DNA analysis of Nile River Valley populations: a genetic corridor or a barrier to migration? American Journal of Human Genetics 64: 1166-1176.
Lefèvre-Witier (P.) 1982, Structure et dynamique génétiques d’une communauté rurale du Sahara central (Ideles), Thèse de Doctorat, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse.
Lefranc (G.), Lange de (G.), Rivat (L.), Langaney (A.), Lefranc (M.P.), Ellouze (F.), Sfar (G.), Sfar (M.), Van Loghem (E.) 1979, Gm, Am and Km immunoglobulin allotypes of two populations in Tunisia, Human Genetics 50: 199-211.
Lefranc (M.P.) Lefranc (G.) 1990, Molecular genetics of immunoglobulin allotype expression, in F. Shakib (ed.), The Human IgG Subclasses: Molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation, Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 43-78.
Loueslati (B.Y.), Sanchez-Mazas (A.), Ennafaa (H.), Marrakchi (R.), Dugoujon (J.M.), Lefranc (M.P.), Elgaaied (A.B.) 2001, A study of Gm allotypes and immunoglobulin heavy gamma IGHG genes in Berbers, Arabs and sub-Saharan Africans from Jerba Island, Tunisia, European Journal of Immunogenetics 28: 531-538.
Luis (J.R), Rowold (D.J), Regueiro (M), Caeiro (B.), Cinnioglu (C.), Roseman (C.), Underhill (P.A.), Cavalli-Sforza (L.L.), Herrera (R.J.) 2004, The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations, American Journal of Human Genetics 74: 532-544.
Moral (P.), Valveny (N.), Lopez-Alomar (A.), Calo (C.), Kandil (M.), Harich (N.), Gonzalez-Perez (E.), Via (M.), Esteban (E.), Dugoujon (J.M.), Vona (G.) 2003, Molecular variation at functional genes and the history of human populations—data on candidate genes for cardiovascular risk in the Mediterranean, Collegium Antropologium 27: 523-536.
Ouhmani (K.), Canossi (A.), Piancatelli (D.), Di Rocco (M.), Del Beato (T.), Liberatore (G.), Aureli (A.), Ben Jouad (A.E.), El Aouad (R.), Adorno (D.), Casciani (C.U.) 2002, Sequence-based analysis of the HLA-DRB1 polymorphism in Metalsa Berber and Chaouya Arabic-speaking groups from Morocco, Human Immunology 63: 129-138.
Pérez-Lezaun (A.), Calafell (F.), Clarimón (J.), Bosch (E.), Mateu (E.), Gusmao (L.), Amorin (A.), Benchemsi (N.), Bertranpetit (J.) 2000, Allele frequencies of 13 short tandem repeats in population samples from the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa, International Journal of Legal Medicine 113: 208-214.
Rando (J.C.), Pinto (F.), González (A.M.), Hernandez (M.), Larruga (J.M.), Cabrera (V.M.), Bandelt (H.J.) 1998, Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, Near-Eastern, and sub-Saharan populations, Annals of Human Genetics 62: 531-550.
Reynolds (J.), Weir (B.S.), Cockerham (C.C.) 1983, Estimation on the coancestry coefficient: basis of a short-term genetic distance, Genetics 105:757-779.
Roubinet (F.), Kermarrec (N.), Despiau (S.), Apoil (P.A.), Dugoujon (J.M.), Blancher (A.) 2001, Molecular polymorphism of O alleles in five populations of different ethnic origins, Immunogenetics 53: 95-104.
Saitou (N.), Nei (M.) 1987, The Neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees, Molecular Biology and Evolution 4, 4: 406-425.
Sanchez-Mazas (A.) 2000, The Berbers of North Africa: genetic relationships according to HLA and others polymorphisms, in A. Arnaiz-Villena (ed.), Prehistoric Iberia, Genetics, Anthropology and Linguistics, Kluver Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, p. 65-77.
Schneider (S.), Roessli (D.), Excoffier (L.) 2000, Arlequin ver. 2000: A software for population genetics analysis, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biométrie, Université de Genève.
Sokal (R.R.), Rohlf (F.J.) 1994, Biometry, W.H. Freeman and Co, New York.
Van Loghem (E.), Salimonu (L.), Williams (A.I.), Osunkoya (B.O.), Boyd (A.M.), Lange de (G.), Nijenhuis (L.E.) 1978, Immunoglobulin allotypes in African populations, I. Gm-Am haplotypes in a Nigerian population, Journal of Immunogenetics 5: 143-147.
Ward (R.H.) 1963, Hierarchical grouping to optimise an objective function, Journal of the American Statistical Association 58: 236-244.
Weber (W.), Nash (D.J.), Motulky (A.G.), Henneberg (M.), Crawford (M.H.), Martin (S.K.), Goldsmid (J.M.), Spedini (G.), Glidewell (S.), Schanfield (M.S.) 2000, Phylogenetic relationships of human populations in sub-saharan Africa, Human Biology 72: 753-772.
Wright (S.) 1978, Evolution and the genetics of populations, vol. 4, Variability within and among natural populations, University Chicago Press, Chicago.



